Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF) is the abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea leading severe and fatal pulmonary complications. TEF is a birth defect during which the swallow liquid passes through the connection between esophagus and trachea and enters into the lungs of a baby which causes pneumonia. During pregnancy, if the wall is not formed between the connection the chances of Tracheoesophageal Fistula increases.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) occurs when there is a defect of the diaphragm muscle. During prenatal development, if that muscle fails to close then, the contents will transfer into the chest which creates a big health problem in a child. CDH makes the part of the chest crowded which can potentially result in breathing difficulties. It can also reduce the flow of the blood to the lungs, increase the chance of asthma, feeding disorders, and high blood pressure.

It is a complete obstruction in the intestine that is caused by the decrease intestinal perfusion and ischemia of bowel. The children suffering from this problem requires the operation which is proceeded by analyzing the location of the obstruction. It is discovered before the birth of a child and it should be immediately diagnosed because the baby might start to show the symptoms with eating problems and vomiting after 1 or 2 days.